Yuval Noah Harari, renowned for his bestselling book "Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind," has released a new work titled "Nexus: A Brief History of Information Networks from the Stone Age to AI" published by Random House. In this latest book, Harari delves into the evolution of intelligence and information networks, analyzing their significant influence on human civilization and the transformative role that artificial intelligence is poised to play in shaping future societal structures, economies, and political landscapes.
The Essence of Information
Harari begins the exploration of information by revealing the complexities involved in defining a fundamental concept like "information." This notion is pivotal as it serves as a building block for knowledge in various disciplines, yet it remains notoriously difficult to pin down. For instance, scientists grapple with the definitions of matter and energy, biologists debate the essence of life, and philosophers struggle with the nature of reality. The author suggests that information may be the most basic framework of existence, even more foundational than matter or energy. Given its elusive character, many conflicting definitions arise concerning information, especially in relation to life’s evolution and fundamental physical concepts such as entropy and the laws of thermodynamics.
In "Nexus," Harari opts to focus on the historical implications of information rather than attempting to reconcile these definitions universally. In everyday life, the term “information” typically pertains to human-created symbols like language and writing. A poignant example given is the remarkable story of Cher Ami, a carrier pigeon that delivered a critical message during World War I, ultimately saving many soldiers. Major Charles Whittlesey, the commander in need, wrote a desperate note detailing his battalion’s location and the peril they faced from friendly fire. Cher Ami, despite being severely injured, braved enemy fire to deliver the message, showcasing how non-human entities can serve remarkably as vessels of vital information.
Perspectives on Information
While commonly associated with human constructs, Harari expands the definition of information beyond mere symbols. Natural elements can convey significant meaning, too. For example, in biblical lore, a dove’s return with an olive branch represents hope and peace. Similarly, astronomers interpret celestial patterns as vital informational clues about the universe. Thus, context plays a critical role in determining what constitutes information.
An intriguing case presented is that of a spy network during World War I, known as NILI, which communicated vital military information using coded signals through window shutters. The spies devised a method where they relayed instructions to the British military by adjusting shutters according to a set code. Although visible to many, the shutters were only understood by those within the network, underscoring the contextual nature of information.
The book illustrates further how objects in different contexts can shift from being mere items to carriers of significant information. Harari recounts the fate of the NILI spy network after one of their pigeons landed in the home of an Ottoman officer. While the contents of the message were undecipherable, the presence of the pigeon itself indicated the existence of a spy ring, demonstrating the duality of information—that its importance may hinge on context rather than inherent qualities.
Information and Truth
Harari discusses a broader perspective on information, considering how it relates to the quest for truth. Traditionally, one could argue that information serves to represent reality. The naive perspective posits that effective information aligns accurately with reality; thus, when it succeeds, it is regarded as ‘truth’. An example used involves military reconnaissance, where accurate reports of troop movements can significantly impact military outcomes.
Despite acknowledging this viewpoint, Harari offers a critical lens on the idea that most information represents reality. Instead, he suggests that much of the information circulating within human society—and perhaps in other biological systems—does not seek to depict reality at all.
Conclusion
In "Nexus," Harari invites readers to reconsider their understanding of information, urging a reflection on its context, significance, and impact on history. The book not only broadens the definition of information beyond the confines of human creation but also poses profound questions about its future role amid burgeoning artificial intelligence. Readers can delve deeper into these concepts through the complete text, seeking to better understand how information has shaped and will continue to shape human existence.
For those intrigued by these ideas, "Nexus" by Yuval Noah Harari is available for purchase and further exploration.