“ US • Features of malignancy: frank invasion, solid hypoechoic mass, ill-defined margin, micro-lobulated margin, microcalcifications, taller than wide.• In benign nodules, look for a complete hypoechoic halo (incomplete halo could be malignant), peripheral vascularity.• Cystic nodules are usually benign (Note: 20% of papillary cancers are cystic).• Comet-tail artefact is seen in colloidal cysts (benign).” …
“ Connected to back pain, though the precise link is controversial. MRI • Disc degeneration with signal change paralleling the end plates.• Signal characteristics are commonly classified according to the Modic system” For Radiology Cases, Discussion join: Radiology Made Easy on Facebook Subscribe to our youtube channel for FRCR radiology case discussion Join our Telegram …
“ X-linked disease leading to hypomyelination. Typically presents in young males and has a protracted course. MRI Diffuse high T2 signal in the white matter with involvement of the sub-cortical U-fibres in all cases. Relative sparing of the perivascular white matter, which produces a ‘tigroid’ appearance like metachromatic leukodystrophy. ” For Radiology Cases, Discussion join: …
“ This is typically diagnosed at 3-6 months of age. Expect dysmorphic facies and enlarged ears. It is fatal by 2 years of age. CT • Hyperdense thalami and corona radiata MRI • Optic nerve hypertrophy ” For Radiology Cases, Discussion join: Radiology Made Easy on Facebook Subscribe to our youtube channel for FRCR radiology case …
“• Peripheral enhancement/central necrosis• Extracapsular spread• Conglomerate nodal masses• Round shape, heterogeneous” For Radiology Cases, Discussion join: Radiology Made Easy on Facebook Subscribe to our youtube channel for FRCR radiology case discussion Join our Telegram group: Radiology Made Easy
Up to 80% of people have nodules on US, but <10% are malignant. FNA is diagnostic in about 90%, but reserved for nodules >1-1.5 cm. For Radiology Cases, Discussion join: Radiology Made Easy on Facebook Subscribe to our youtube channel for FRCR radiology case discussion Join our Telegram group: Radiology Made Easy
“ Herniated material may be contained by the posterior longitudinal ligament (PLL) or be accompanied by a PLL tear. In total, 90% of discs improve clinically with 8-10 weeks of symptomatic treatment, 50% improve on MRI and 10% get worse. MRI • Axial and sagittal T2 and T1 slices are key to diagnosis.• Look for …
“ • Lymphoma • Leukaemia• Sarcoidosis• Sjogren syndrome” For Radiology Cases, Discussion join: Radiology Made Easy on Facebook Subscribe to our youtube channel for FRCR radiology case discussion Join our Telegram group: Radiology Made Easy
“ Causes atrophy of the white matter, especially the centrum semiovale. In adults, it causes the ‘AIDS dementia complex’; in children, it causes HIV-associated progressive encephalopathy. Appearances improve with treatment. MRI • Diffuse bilateral symmetrical periventricular white matter lesions with characteristic sparing of the grey matter• No enhancement post-contrast• Cerebral atrophy Axial T2 (a) and …
“ This is the most common benign nasopharyngeal tumour. The typical scenario is a teenaged boy with epistaxis. These are highly vascular tumours and can be locally aggressive. CT • Densely enhancing mass involving the nasal wall, retromaxillary or pterygopalatine fossa.• Widening of the pterygopalatine fossa in 90%—pathognomonic.• Erosion of the medial pterygoid plate is …